Compound interest adds each period's interest back to the principal before the next period:
A = P × (1 + r ÷ n)n×t
- P — principal (starting amount)
- r — annual interest rate as a decimal (rate ÷ 100)
- n — compounding frequency per year
- t — time in years
Interest earned = A − P. Notice the exponent: time does the heavy lifting. Doubling the tenure grows the amount far more than doubling the rate.